russian gypsy last names

See History of the Russian language for an account of the successive foreign influences on Russian. [629] The Soviet Union national football team became the first European champions by winning Euro 1960,[630] and reached the finals of Euro 1988. Primary and secondary education by Russian is almost non-existent. These have been fed by several waves of immigrants since the beginning of the 20th century, each with its own flavor of language. [336], Russia is the world's thirteenth-largest exporter and the 21st-largest importer. [534] Aristotle Fioravanti and other Italian architects brought Renaissance trends into Russia. [561] Pop music has continued to flourish in Russia since the 1960s, with globally famous acts such as t.A.T.u. . [44] The age of feudalism and decentralisation had come, marked by constant in-fighting between members of the Rurik dynasty that ruled Kievan Rus' collectively. [533] Following the Christianization of Kievan Rus', for several centuries it was influenced predominantly by Byzantine architecture. [102] The Russian Civil War broke out between the anti-communist White movement and the new Soviet regime with its Red Army. [415] In 1970, Venera7 became the first spacecraft to land on another planet, Venus. [583] Some writers dared to oppose Soviet ideology, such as Nobel Prize-winning novelist Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who wrote about life in the Gulag camps. Constitution of the Republic of Belarus", "Article 7. [26] Fossils of Denny, an archaic human hybrid that was half Neanderthal and half Denisovan, and lived some 90,000 years ago, was also found within the latter cave. [62], In Ukraine, Russian is a significant minority language. [2], Russia, home of over 100,000 rivers,[209] has one of the world's largest surface water resources, with its lakes containing approximately one-quarter of the world's liquid fresh water. [298] In regards to media freedom, Russia was ranked 155th out of 180 countries in Reporters Without Borders' Press Freedom Index for 2022. Emergency personnel work at the site where an apartment block was heavily damaged by a Russian missile strike, amid Russia's attack on Ukraine, in Dnipro, Ukraine January 15, 2023. [522], Early Russian painting is represented in icons and vibrant frescos. [648][649] However, Russia has also had 43 Olympic medals stripped from its athletes due to doping violations, which is the most of any country, and nearly a third of the global total.[650]. [citation needed], Prior to the Bolshevik Revolution, the spoken form of the Russian language was that of the nobility and the urban bourgeoise. [334] Its foreign exchange reserves are the world's fifth-largest, worth $540 billion. [citation needed], The current spelling follows the major reform of 1918, and the final codification of 1956. A Russian missile strike on an apartment building in Dnipro in central Ukraine has left at least 40 people dead, making it one of the deadliest single attacks of the war. ", " ", "Ukraine defends education reform as Hungary promises 'pain', "Ukrainian Language Bill Facing Barrage Of Criticism From Minorities, Foreign Capitals", "Results of the 2009 National Population Census of the Republic of Kazakhstan", "Population And Housing Census Of The Kyrgyz Republic Of 2009", "Russian Language Status in Central Asian Countries", "For Mongolians, E Is for English, F Is for Future", : , "Window on Eurasia New Series: Percentage of Native Speakers of Russian Higher in Israel than in Most Former Soviet Republics", "Vietnam to add Chinese, Russian to elementary school curriculum", "Language Use in the United States: 2007, census.gov", "Russian is now the second most used language on the web", "Esperanto: its origins and early history", "RusKey: mapping the Russian keyboard layout into the Latin alphabets", https://www.rbth.com/education/328851-dialects-russian-language/amp, "Can Russians from different parts of the country understand each other? Licensed under CC BY 4.0 (license statement/permission). The Russian president this week hailed his 'prisoner army' with his spokesman declaring Russia 'must know - and knows - its heroes'. Major cities that function as separate regions (Moscow and Saint Petersburg, as well as. [263] Russia is one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. WebOn This Day. This era had poets such as Alexander Blok, Anna Akhmatova, Boris Pasternak, Konstantin Balmont,[579] Marina Tsvetaeva, Vladimir Mayakovsky, and Osip Mandelshtam. Judicial Power | The Constitution of the Russian Federation", "Putin strongly backed in controversial Russian reform vote", "Russia & Democratic Backsliding: The Future of Putinism", "Russia on the road to dictatorship: Internal political repercussions of the attack on Ukraine", "Digitalization management system of Russia's federal cities focused on prospective application throughout the country", "What is the Collective Security Treaty Organisation? The yers and originally indicated the pronunciation of ultra-short or reduced //, //. ", Iliev, Iv. WebRussia ( Russian: , Rossiya, [rsij] ), or the Russian Federation, [c] is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. "Was it you who ate the cookie?") [433] In 2019, the total fertility rate across Russia was estimated to be 1.5 children born per woman,[434] which is below the replacement rate of 2.1, and is one of the world's lowest fertility rates. [405] George Gamow was one of the foremost advocates of the Big Bang theory. [46] The Khazars, who were of Turkic origin, ruled the steppes between the Caucasus in the south, to the east past the Volga river basin, and west as far as Kyiv on the Dnieper river until the 10th century. [85] In 18031806, the first Russian circumnavigation was made. Russian is the primary language of the overwhelming majority of people in Russia and is also used as a second language in [196] As a result, Russia was expelled from the Council of Europe in March,[197] and was suspended from the United Nations Human Rights Council in April. In a statement, the military said the soldiers "went together to Hell" after they were struck by missiles. [568] Following Pushkin's footsteps, a new generation of poets were born, including Mikhail Lermontov, Nikolay Nekrasov, Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, Fyodor Tyutchev and Afanasy Fet. Crops of rye, wheat, barley, and millet provide the ingredients for various breads, pancakes and cereals, as well as for many drinks. International Journal of Russian Stidies. . . [624][625] In 196168 Sergey Bondarchuk directed an Oscar-winning film adaptation of Leo Tolstoy's epic War and Peace, which was the most expensive film made in the Soviet Union. [295][296], Since 2004, Freedom House has ranked Russia as "not free" in its Freedom in the World survey. [136] In August 1945, the Red Army invaded Manchuria and ousted the Japanese from Northeast Asia, contributing to the Allied victory over Japan. , ", "Article 16. The number of native Russian-speaking Israelis numbers around 1.5million Israelis,[74] 15% of the population. [638] The Russian national basketball team won the EuroBasket 2007,[639] and the Russian basketball club PBC CSKA Moscow is among the most successful European basketball teams. ", "Article 68. Military intervention in the post-soviet states include a war with Georgia in 2008, and the invasion and destablisation of Ukraine beginning in 2014. [192] Russia steeply escalated the war by launching a full-scale invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022. [63] 65% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 38% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. Old New Year is celebrated on 14 January. [413] In 1966, Luna9 became the first spacecraft to achieve a survivable landing on a celestial body, the Moon. [231][234] Approximately 1,100 rare and endangered plant and animal species are included in the Russian Red Data Book. AlexanderII was assassinated in 1881 by revolutionary terrorists. [453] The constitution gives the country's individual republics the right to establish their own state languages in addition to Russian, as well as guarantee its citizens the right to preserve their native language and to create conditions for its study and development. [392], Alexander Popov was among the inventors of radio,[393] while Nikolai Basov and Alexander Prokhorov were co-inventors of laser and maser. [566] From the early 1830s, during the Golden Age of Russian Poetry, literature underwent an astounding golden age in poetry, prose and drama. [55] Prince Andrey Bogolyubsky sacked Kiev in 1169 and made Vladimir his base,[55] leading to political power being shifted to the north-east. In 882, his successor Oleg ventured south and conquered Kiev, which had been previously paying tribute to the Khazars. [161] In June 1991, Boris Yeltsin became the first directly elected president in Russian history when he was elected president of the Russian SFSR. Russia's national symbol, the double-headed eagle, dates back to the Tsardom period, and is featured in its coat of arms and heraldry. [88] AlexanderI controlled Russia's delegation at the Congress of Vienna, which defined the map of post-Napoleonic Europe. The standard language is used in written and spoken form almost everywhere in the country, from Kaliningrad and Saint Petersburg in the West to Vladivostok and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in the East, the enormous distance between notwithstanding. Its mineral and energy sources are the world's largest, and its figures for oil production and natural gas production rank high globally. Depends who you ask", "The Decembrists: Russia's First Revolutionaries", Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, "Triple Alliance and Triple Entente, 19021914", "From Tsar to U.S.S.R.: Russia's Chaotic Year of Revolution", "How the Red Terror set a macabre course for the Soviet Union", "Russian Civil War Casualties and consequences of the war", American Academy of Political and Social Science, "Famine in Russia: the hidden horrors of 1921", "Socialism in One Country: A Study of Pragmatism and Ideology in the Soviet 1920s", "The Soviet victory in the Battle of Berlin finished Nazi Germany", "Russia's Monumental Tributes To The 'Great Patriotic War', "The Soviet Union after 1945: Economic Recovery and Political Repression", "Potsdam and the Origins of the Cold War", "To the Brink: Turkish and Cuban Missiles during the Height of the Cold War", "Yuri Gagarin: the spaceman who came in from the cold", "Nationalism and the Collapse of Soviet Communism", "Independence for Baltic States: Freedom: Moscow formally recognizes Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, ending half a century of control. Smetana (a heavy sour cream) and mayonnaise are often added to soups and salads. [394] Zhores Alferov contributed significantly to the creation of modern heterostructure physics and electronics. Palatalization means that the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant. [131]:175186 Although the Wehrmacht had considerable early success, their attack was halted in the Battle of Moscow. [53], In Turkmenistan, Russian lost its status as the official lingua franca in 1996. As Russia's invasion of Ukraine enters its 11th month, US and Ukrainian officials tell CNN that Russia's artillery fire is down dramatically from its wartime high, in some places by as much as 75%. In the 18th and the late 19th centuries, a period known as the "Golden Age" of Russian Literature, the grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation of the Russian language in a standardized literary form emerged. To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles, please see this how-to page. Ethnic groups in Russia with a population of over 1 million according to the 2010 census. Bread, of many varieties,[594] is very popular across Russia. WebRussian is an East Slavic language of the wider Ino-European family. [41], According to the Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California, Russian is classified as a level III language in terms of learning difficulty for native English speakers, requiring approximately 1,100 hours of immersion instruction to achieve intermediate fluency. Russian artillery fire down 75% in some areas, US officials say, in latest sign of struggles for Moscow. Together with Ukrainian and Belarusian, the Russian language makes up the eastern branch of the Slavic family of languages. It is a descendant of Old East Slavic, a language used in Kievan Rus', which was a loose conglomerate of East Slavic tribes from the late 9th to the mid 13th centuries. They became distinct since the 13thcentury, i.e. The Havana State University has started a bachelor's specialization called the Russian Language and the Second Foreign Language. [186] In 2008, Putin took the post of prime minister, while Dmitry Medvedev was elected president for one term, to hold onto power despite legal term limits;[187] this period has been described as a "tandemocracy. [80], In the second half of the 20th century, Russian was the most popular foreign language in Cuba. According to the Eurobarometer 2005 survey,[66] fluency in Russian remains fairly high (2040%) in some countries, in particular those where the people speak a Slavic language and thereby have an edge in learning Russian[further explanation needed] (namely, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Bulgaria). [449] Russian is one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station,[450] as well as one of the six official languages of the United Nations. 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