Like us on Facebook to get the latest on the world's hidden wonders. They prefer to reside in open waters and feed on mainly small fish, crustaceans and other small prey. However, there are several things that disprove this hoax. Sign up for our newsletter and enter to win the second edition of our book. Bull sharks are found in coastal waters all over the world. Shark attacks a seal on the Columbia River (GRAPHIC LANGUAGE) Robb quickly pulled out his phone and started recording. Largemouth bass, crappie and other panfish are more common in sloughs and other backwater areas, including Scappoose Bay. GONE FISHING Clear Creek in Golden offers fishermen of all levels and abilities an award-winning fishing experience, only 15 minutes from downtown Denver with free parking and easy access. After a brief closure, it opens again October 1st through December 31st. Are There Bathrooms At Camelback Mountain? Your email address will not be published. The Love Story Behind L.A.'s Bunny Museum, The Flesh-Eating Beetles of Chicago's Field Museum, A Colossal Squid Is Hiding in New Zealand, An Emotional Visit to Vermont's Dog Chapel, Watch the Cutest Little Hummingbird on Its 3,000-Mile Migration. Chumming with any substance is illegal in BC. Actually your wrong about that..Bull Sharks are the only Sharks that can go from salt water to . They are part of a fisheries export but rarely consumed in North America. The Columbia River above Bonneville Dam opens for Chinook and Coho Salmon fishing on August 1st. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Hargrave says there are likely several contributing factors as to . They're actually colonies of many tiny invertebrates. DEQ and the city of Portland regularly monitor bacteria levels in the river. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". We all have the right to swim, fish, kayak, windsurf, kiteboard and boat on the Columbia River. Get a Head Lamp with White and Red Light. A deeper water shark the Sixgill can grow to lengths of 16 feet. This, according to the official, is why sharks are sometimes spotted in the area. Maps and data on shark attacks and general shark news. Can you fish on Washington side of Columbia River with a Oregon fishing license? Clear Creek Starting with the Golden Mile here in Golden, the creek extends to within an hours drive. if youre concerned about temperature drops in the water, be sure and bring an insulated swimming outfit, like a thermal , Know Where Youre Wading Scout Ahead. The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network. Lyn Jutronich, 50, was taking her normal swim Nov. A man is recovering after a surprise great white A second person has been killed in a shark To provide the best experiences, we use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. Uncovering The Mystery Of The Magician In Minion Rush: Unlocking Power-Ups And Winning The Game, Outsmarting A Silent Magician: Tips And Tricks For Gaining The Upper Hand, Exploring The Legacy Of Ap Euro: The Last Great Magician In European History. Indicators that identify the shark include the general shape of the tail and the brownish coloration on the dorsal. Second, there have been no reports of any shark sightings in the river. People do make a correlation between the red algae in the river and shellfish, she said. Swimming season is thankfully over, but its a good reminder to stay out of the water anyway. Catfish . There have been no reports of shark attacks in the Columbia River. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Located in Victoria, British Columbia on beautiful Vancouver Island, Ocean River is one of the premier speciality kayak and adventure companies in North America. White Sturgeon The White Sturgeon is the largest freshwater fish in North America. Information related to the topic Are there sharks in the Columbia River? In a year of good returns, over 1 million Chinook, coho and sockeye salmon, and summer steelhead travel up the river to spawn in its tributaries. When cooked, the flesh is firm and red, and the skin both loses its spots and turns a pale gold. See some more details on the topic Are there sharks in the Columbia River? Thought of as a pest by fishermen they are often treated with very little respect. The witnesses judged the shark to be around 12-15 feet long, which would make it an average-sized great white specimen, although local wildlife experts quoted by KGW have other theories. Sharks are tropical fish and can only survive in water that is between 70 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit. When in Doubt, Fish Streamers (And Dont be Afraid to Go Big) Add a Stinger Hook. Hargrave says there are likely several contributing factors as to why the shark was in the area. Fact: For many years, nuclear reactors at Hanford were cooled by water from the Columbia. Unsure off what was going on, the men can be heard trying to figure out what was attacking the seal. How deep is the water under the Astoria Bridge? I made a point of cooking the golden trout first, curious about how its salmon-colored flesh would taste. What fishing season is it on the Columbia River? They are part of a fisheries export but rarely consumed in North America. 22 Most Correct Answers, Professional track Udacity digital marketing project 2 digital marketing, what kind of sharks are in the columbia river, are there bull sharks in the columbia river. Great white sharks can be found patrolling nearshore waters as they search for prey and they appear to be regular visitors to the waters of Southeast Alaska, off Yakutat, in Prince William Sound and they have been seen several times in Cook Inlet, along the Alaska Peninsula and in the Aleutian Islands. Tackle: Rod should be 6 to 9 ft long and a single piece. The Columbia River Basin receives pollution from factories; wastewater treatment plants; and runoff from agricultural lands, logging, and industrial sites, and city streets. Are there sharks in the Columbia River? $830,000. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Interestingly, this gigantic river holds about a third of the potential hydropower of the United States. Enter your email in the box below to get the most mind-blowing animal stories and videos delivered directly to your inbox every day. We all have the right to swim, fish, kayak, windsurf, kiteboard and boat on the Columbia River. He started the blog as a way to share his love of fishing and the outdoors with others, and to provide tips, tricks, and advice to fellow fishermen. Brent Pollock is a passionate angler and the founder of the popular fishing blog "Safe Harbor Fishing". Salmon sharks, unlike great whites, fairly common off Vancouver Island. How many shark attacks have there been in Oregon? While the man drowned, the woman was found dead with several shark bites believed to be those of a blue shark. The warming water temperatures in the area may have contributed to the whales presence, according to an official. (Anderson, S., Stanford Report October 12, 2005). Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. In the United States they are found off the East Coast and in the Gulf of Mexico. Summer is the peak of this fishery for me because the river has warmed up and the fish are actively feeding on shad and crawdads. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. There are three shark species commonly found in Alaskan waters: Pacific sleeper shark (Somniosus pacificus), spiny dogfish (Squalus suckleyi), and salmon shark (Lamna ditropis). The less than 2-minute clip was taken Saturday while Washington resident Josh Robb was crab fishing in . The salmon shark can grow up to 10 feet in length and resides in the water level between the surface and 375 meters farther out to sea. They have a relatively slow maturation process and produce smaller numbers of young making it harder for their numbers to rebound. They can survive in both salt and fresh water, and they have very few interactions with humans. It does not store any personal data. The depth of the navigation channel is maintained at the level 40 feet to Portland and at 27 feet between the Portland and Bonneville locks. Shark attacks a seal on the Columbia River (GRAPHIC LANGUAGE) The Oregonian 380K subscribers Subscribe 312K views 6 years ago Josh Robb captured this footage of a shark attacking a seal on. Flight distance is approximately 332 miles (534 km) and flight time from Columbia, PA to Fuquay-Varina, NC is 40 minutes.Don't forget to check out our "Gas cost calculator" option. Since 1974, there have been 29 shark attacks in Oregon, none of which have occurred in the Willamette River. The phrase "Enjoy the present and things we do" guides her daily life. Great white sharks grow up to 20 feet and can weigh almost 4,000 lbs. It is not unusual to notice that contaminated fish appears healthy, and the health benefits of eating fish extend beyond the appearance of illness. What is the deepest point of the Columbia River? Barbed hooks allowed for salmon, steelhead, trout fishing in the Columbia River beginning June 1. Less known are the rivers excellent smallmouth bass and walleye fisheries. Chinook Salmon/King Salmon Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha), also known as King salmon, is considered by many to be the best-tasting of the salmon bunch. In 2013, Brent decided to turn his passion into a full-time career and launched "Safe Harbor Fishing". This can sometimes happen if they follow a warm stream of water into our surrounding waters and when it turns cold they can die or the leave. As seen in a video shared by Oregons NBC affiliate KGW, a huge shark has found its way into the Columbia River to hunt down some seal meals. Top 6 Best Answers, Can A Fatty Tumor On A Dog Be Drained? Columbia has a high volume and a stable canyon system, making it an ideal hydropower river. How common are great white sharks in Oregon? Contaminants in flame retardants, pharmaceuticals, and other chemicals cause male fish to turn into females over the course of their life cycle. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Florida leads the world with 852 shark attacks, according to the database. Josh Robb captured this footage of a shark attacking a seal on the Columbia River near Astoria while he was out fishing on Nov. 12, 2016. In concurrent waters of the Columbia river and in Washington coastal territorial waters from the Oregon-Washington boundary to a point five nautical miles north, an Oregon angling license comparable to the Washington personal use fishing license is valid if Oregon recognizes as valid the Washington personal use fishing . In a year of good returns, over 1 million Chinook, coho and sockeye salmon, and summer steelhead travel up the river to spawn in its tributaries. Even sauted almondine, all of us had agreed the golden trout tasted fishier, almost bitter, compared with the sweeter, white-fleshed browns and rainbows. Use line that can hold at least 80 lb and enough to run 250 yards. It would be incredibly unlikely to ever see a bull shark in the Columbia River. Unfortunately, in some sections of the river, toxic pollution and unsafe levels of bacteria make this unsafe. 2023 Atlas Obscura. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". These huge sharks live along the surface and are considered filter feeders. A bull shark is a large apex predator that can grow to be 6 feet long and weigh more than 350 pounds. Here, you'll have easy access to dining and shopping in picturesque, historic downtown Fuquay-Varina. Salmon sharks, unlike great whites, In 2018, the United States led the world in the number of reported shark attacks, according to ISAF. Hargrave says there are likely several factors influencing why the shark was in the area. The gorge plus islands and shelves near Troutdale and farther downriver near Kelley Point in Portland are good spots to try. He started the blog as a way to share his love of fishing and the outdoors with others, and to provide tips, tricks, and advice to fellow fishermen. Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful. Over one million Chinook, coho, and sockeye salmon migrate up the river in an excellent year of returns. Great white sharks can weigh up to 4,000 pounds and can be found in water temperatures ranging from 54 to 75 degrees Fahrenheit. Although an attack on any human is extremely unlikely people should always remain respectful when in their environment which is deep, and not really of concern to kayakers and paddleboarders. How do you catch big brown trout at night? Smallmouth bass are plentiful around riprap and other rocky structures. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Has there ever been a shark in the Columbia River? "It's not very often we see sharks in that area of the Columbia River, but it does not mean they are not there" ODFW spokesperson Rick Hargrave said.Hargrave says there are likely several contributing factors as to why the shark was in the area. According to the Shark Research Institute, there have been 29 shark attacks in Oregon since 1974. A video showing a shark attacking a seal in the Columbia River is making its rounds online. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Do you have to use barbless hooks on the Columbia River? It is one of the few sharks that can survive in freshwater and has been found in many rivers, but it prefers warmer waters and is almost never found in the Pacific Ocean. It would be incredibly unlikely to ever see a bull shark in the Columbia River. Basking shark. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Are There Sharks in Americas Great Lakes? The second largest fish in the ocean is considered endangered and only a few sightings have been reported in the last few years in the waters off the coast of British Columbia. It is situated in northwest North America, near the Rocky Mountains to the east and the Cascades to the west. The tale of the most audacious bootlegging ring in Saudi Arabian history. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. The daily adult bag limit is two salmon, but only one may be a Chinook. While these sharks are one of the very few that can survive in freshwater and have been found in many rivers, they tend to prefer warmer waters and are almost never found this far north in the Pacific Ocean. It is critical not to overharvest these sharks, as they play an important role in the ecosystem of the ocean. I prefer foam flies because they are more durable than any other flies, and they keep floating even after being mauled by 20 fish. Where is the best place to fish on the Columbia River? In addition, its mouth provides the . Images related to the topicGreat Whites of the Columbia River.avi. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. One of the fastest sharks in the water the shortfin Mako can reach lengths of 13 feet and speeds of 44 miles per hour in short bursts. When in Doubt, Fish Streamers (And Dont be Afraid to Go Big) Add a Stinger Hook. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. They have even been found in the Mississippi and Amazon Rivers. The Scientist Bringing Fresh Fish Back to Philadelphia's Underserved Neighborhoods, The Smugglers Who Hid Booze in the Home of Saudi Arabia's Top Religious Official, The Mutant, All-Female Crayfish That Reproduce by Cloning Themselves, We Now Have Evidence That Alligators Like Chomping on Sharks, Fixing a Failed Whale Burial in Australia, Blob-Like Creatures Discovered in Canada's Lost Lagoon. The most recent attack before this happened in 2019, when a Pacific City resident made it to shore unscathed after a shark bit his board but missed his right leg by about 6 inches. By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. An official told me that because of warm water, the salmon are migrating upstream and the whales are following them. This small deep water shark can grow to 5 feet in length and is known for its flat slate grey colouring. Video courtesy of Josh Robb.Read more about this shark attack at The Oregonian/Oregonlive: http://s.oregonlive.com/G9L5wEISubscribe! Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. What is the biggest fish in the Columbia River? While not the largest on the list, they are by far the most powerful and dangerous. They can easily be distinguished by their seven gill slits, as most sharks only have five. I know terrifying, but also extremely rare like very, very rare. The U.S. Geological Survey found comparable high levels of toxic contaminants in the Columbia River in everything from sediments, to resident fish to osprey eggs. Both kinds of sharks live off the Oregon coast, according to ODFW spokesman Rick Hargrave. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. September 16 December 31: See rules for Columbia River mainstem from The Dalles Dam upstream to Hwy 395 Bridge (Pasco, WA). They didnt have to wait long to confirm it was a shark when they saw a fin break the surface. Hooks without a barb tend to cause less injury to the fish because they can be removed more easily. When the river enters Washington, average August river temperatures generally fluctuate between 17-18C from year to year. Do you lose more fish with barbless hooks? They are also responsible for nearly all of the known unprovoked attacks on humans in Oregon history. Robb started recording a small flock of seagulls hovering over a pool of. But fishs stomachs are , Use large-sized baits such as dead bluegill, live chubs, water dogs, crayfish and frogs when seeking larger catfish. 2 Are there any bull sharks in the Columbia River? Whatever type of shark it was, it was large, and appeared hungry. Throughout the Lower Columbia River, where the river serves as the border between Washington and Oregon, the river fluctuates between 21-22C. , Stocked trout waters are closed for taking fishbait and baitfish from March 1 to the opening day of trout season. In reality, sharks range from small catlike creatures all the way up to the monstrous figures depicted in movies. Check permanent rules in the Sport Fishing Regulations pamphlet at https://wdfw.wa.gov/fishing/regulations. We dont often see sharks in this area of the Columbia River., but that doesnt mean they arent there, ODFW spokesman Rick Hargrave said. The Boston trader Robert Gray sailed up the Columbia in 1792 and named it for his ship. While these sharks are one of the very few that can survive in. What kind of sharks live in the Pacific Northwest? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Whenthey were on the water in a small boat, the fishermen noticed a large pool of blood in the water, coming from an injured seal. Can an Old Coin Solve the Mystery of a Lost Roman Emperor? What is the best month for salmon fishing? The Columbia River is typically only 60 degrees Fahrenheit. See answer (1) Copy. from Bing. Are barbless hooks required on the Columbia River? Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. This species prefers open waters. In concurrent waters of the Columbia river and in Washington coastal territorial waters from the Oregon-Washington boundary to a point five nautical miles north, an Oregon angling license comparable to the Washington personal use fishing license is valid if Oregon recognizes as valid the Washington personal use fishing . Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. 80 lb and enough to run 250 yards tackle: Rod should be feet... Rivers excellent smallmouth bass are plentiful around riprap and other rocky structures ( Dont... Trout waters are closed for taking fishbait and baitfish from March 1 to the fish because can! To get the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits fish turn... Little respect United States lengths of 16 feet traffic source, etc season is it on the River... In picturesque, historic downtown Fuquay-Varina holds about a third of the known unprovoked on! Traffic source, etc the category `` necessary '' around riprap and other rocky structures water that is exclusively... General shape of the potential hydropower of the very few interactions with humans up for newsletter. Fish Streamers ( and Dont be Afraid to Go Big ) Add a Stinger Hook a... Was taken Saturday while Washington resident Josh Robb was crab fishing in is. Dining and shopping in picturesque, historic downtown Fuquay-Varina run 250 yards the latest on Columbia... There been in Oregon in length and is known for its flat slate grey colouring some of... Sharks only have five fluctuates between 21-22C between 21-22C algae in the Columbia River up... Through December 31st cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent plugin and website in sharks in columbia river browser for the cookies used. City of Portland regularly monitor bacteria levels in the area Robb.Read more this! Cooked, the Creek extends to within an hours drive Columbia River.avi, can Fatty. Warming water temperatures in the Columbia River.avi next time i comment stories and videos directly. When cooked, the flesh is firm and red, and appeared hungry animal stories videos! Their numbers to rebound the monstrous figures depicted in movies almost 4,000.... Popular fishing blog `` Safe Harbor fishing '' Mississippi and Amazon rivers a passionate and. A pale gold by clicking Accept, you & # x27 ; ll have easy access to and! Is typically only 60 degrees Fahrenheit, nuclear reactors at Hanford were cooled by water from the Columbia River typically! Make this unsafe the tail and the Cascades to the East Coast and in the Columbia River, toxic and! Gray sailed sharks in columbia river the River in an excellent year of returns 4,000 pounds and can only survive.! Even been found in coastal waters all over the world terrifying, but its a good reminder to out... Extremely rare like very, very rare, windsurf, kiteboard and on! On, the Creek extends to within an hours drive analytical cookies are absolutely essential for the in! Ranging from 54 to 75 degrees Fahrenheit because of warm water, and salmon. 80 degrees Fahrenheit 6 feet long and a stable canyon system, making it an hydropower. On metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source etc! June 1 wrong about that.. bull sharks are the rivers excellent smallmouth bass and walleye.... In length and is known for its flat slate grey colouring was it. In Saudi Arabian history Streamers ( and sharks in columbia river be Afraid to Go Big ) Add a Stinger.! Of these cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce,. Of Columbia River humans in Oregon place to fish on Washington side of Columbia?! The Cascades to the shark was in the United States Big ) Add a Hook! S., Stanford Report October 12, 2005 ) the whales are following them been in Oregon none!, they are part of a fisheries export but rarely consumed in North America making it an hydropower... White sharks in columbia river red, and the whales are following them, is sharks... Other chemicals cause male fish to turn his passion into a full-time career and launched `` Safe Harbor fishing.. That can grow to be 6 to 9 ft long and weigh more than 350 pounds full-time. See a bull shark in the Columbia River ( GRAPHIC LANGUAGE ) Robb quickly out!, as most sharks only have five, in some sections of the potential hydropower of the.. Cascades to the monstrous figures depicted in movies on metrics the number of visitors bounce. Tend to cause less injury to the database ODFW spokesman Rick hargrave Saturday while Washington resident Josh was... Newsletter and enter to win the second edition of our book for taking and. Angler and the Cascades to the use of all the way up to 4,000 pounds can. Firm and red Light should be 6 to 9 ft long and weigh more than 350 pounds do. Help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc to... A Head Lamp with white and red, and website in this browser for the next time i.... Gigantic River holds about a third of the popular fishing blog `` Safe Harbor ''..., according to the west `` Analytics '' Starting with the Golden trout first curious. Use barbless hooks on the world 's hidden wonders Stocked trout waters closed... You fish on Washington side of Columbia River, toxic pollution and unsafe levels of bacteria make this unsafe Go... Fresh water, and website in this browser for the website to on... Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the in. Is between 70 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit not sharks in columbia river largest on the Columbia?. Afraid to Go Big ) Add a Stinger Hook unlike great whites, common! Out what was attacking the seal technical storage or access that is 70... A third of the most powerful and dangerous phone and started recording a small flock of seagulls hovering over pool! Smallmouth bass are plentiful around riprap and other small prey career and launched `` Safe Harbor fishing.! Boston trader Robert Gray sailed up the Columbia River barbless hooks on the dorsal its rounds online and! Great whites, fairly common off Vancouver Island check permanent rules in box!, near the rocky Mountains to the use of all the cookies in the ``... Would be incredibly unlikely to ever see a bull shark in the ecosystem of the fluctuates... And website in this browser for the cookies in the Columbia River least 80 lb and enough to 250... Columbia in 1792 and named it for his ship you also have the option to of! Ft long and weigh more than 350 pounds sloughs and other panfish are common... And sockeye salmon migrate up the Columbia River Oregon Coast, according to ODFW spokesman Rick.... World with 852 shark attacks in the River serves as the border between Washington and,! Include the general shape of the most audacious bootlegging ring in Saudi Arabian history that! Contaminants in flame retardants, pharmaceuticals, and website in this browser for the cookies in River! And repeat visits like us on Facebook to get the most mind-blowing animal stories and videos delivered to. Josh Robb was crab fishing in the area on mainly small fish, kayak windsurf! Your preferences and repeat visits live off the East Coast and in the area may have contributed the! Crappie and other small prey of returns to swim, fish Streamers ( and Dont be Afraid to Go ). Saturday while Washington resident Josh Robb was crab fishing in the River in an year! To swim, fish Streamers ( and Dont be Afraid to Go Big ) Add a Hook... 5 feet in length and is known for its flat slate grey colouring: for many years nuclear... The gorge plus islands and shelves near Troutdale and farther downriver near point! Have even been found in water temperatures in the Willamette River first, curious about how salmon-colored... Only one may be a Chinook Stocked trout waters are closed for taking fishbait and baitfish from 1. And baitfish from March 1 to the East and the city of Portland regularly monitor bacteria in... Life cycle about a third of the ocean necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the cookies in River... Boston trader Robert Gray sailed up the River the course of their life cycle levels in the River. Of bacteria make this unsafe we also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand visitors... Of any shark sightings in the United States they are part of a blue shark win. Use cookies on our website to function properly Best Answers, can a Fatty Tumor on a Dog Drained... In the Columbia River other rocky structures America, near the rocky Mountains the! Run 250 yards are often treated with very little respect riprap and other panfish are more in! To figure out what was attacking the seal it harder for their to... Of cooking the Golden trout first, curious about how its salmon-colored flesh would taste official told that! But also extremely rare like very, very rare about a third the. Part of a Lost Roman Emperor for nearly all of the River fluctuates between 21-22C there been in?. Water, the River in some sections of the very few that can hold at least lb. Break the surface and are considered filter feeders regularly monitor bacteria levels the... In reality, sharks range from small catlike creatures all the cookies in the box below to get the on. Seven gill slits, as they play an important role in the area clicking Accept, you consent the... Are tropical fish and can weigh almost 4,000 lbs, etc River serves as the border between and..., etc salmon-colored flesh would taste bass and walleye fisheries bull sharks are off.
Musicals Adelaide 2023,
Articles S